1.语态的基本概念和种类:

语态(voice)是动词的一种形式，用来表示主语和谓语动词之间的关系。英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者（发出者），被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者（作用对象）。eg. 

They built this bridge. (主动句)     This bridge was built by them. (被动句) 

2.构成:

① “be+ p.p.(vt.)” →passive voice or 系表结构？

② “get + p.p.”【因客观原因而发生的不幸的事,强调结果，口语化，不跟by。get burnt/caught/drowned/hurt/killed/lost/separated；或表示主语自身的主动行为：get dressed/married】

3.用法:

(1)不知道谁是动作的执行者时：His bike has been stolen. 

(2)没有必要或不想指出谁是动作的执行者时：China was liberated in 1949. 

(3)主语不能发出其后的谓语动词时：Football is played all over the world.

（*如需要指出动作的执行者，可用 “by + 动作执行者（宾格）”：The novel was written by Lu Xun.）

4.转换：

(1)各种时态的被动语态

一般现在时:    A lot of books are kept in our school library.

一般过去时:    Gold was discovered in California in the late 1840s.

现在进行时:    My cellphone is being charged. 

一般将来时:    The class meeting will be held next Saturday afternoon.

现在完成时:    Many stamps have been collected by Jim since last year. 

(2)含有情态动词的被动语态是“情态动词 + be + 过去分词”：

The question needn’t be discussed.     The classroom must be cleaned at once.

(3)短语动词改为被动语态时不可丢掉其后的介词或副词：

He was often made fun of by his classmates.    This must be paid attention to.

Lots of new words have to be looked up.        This lesson must be gone over again.

【何为短语动词？】：是特指某些动词短语去掉介词或副词后意思就会发生巨大改变的那些动词短语。如look at 是动词短语，去掉后，意思几乎不变，可以拆开；而look up, look for是短语动词，去掉后，意思有较大变，不可以拆开。

(4)双宾语（直接宾语、间接宾语）：（*to, for, of ）

I was given a book (by someone).     或：A book was given to me (by someone).

She was made a kite (by Mum).   或：A kite was made for her (by Mum).

He has been asked many questions.   或：Many questions have been asked of him.

(5)复合宾语（宾语、宾补）：( *Sb be made/seen/heardto do sth.)

5.不能转换为被动语态的句式：

(1)动词本身的原因：谓语动词为表示静态的动词catch(患)，have（吃饭）,own, cost, lack, last, hold, fit, suit, fail, remain, suffer, escape, end等;谓语动词中有would rather或dare时。

(2)受宾语的限制：

①当宾语是相互代词、反身代词时

For years the two sisters looked after one another.     You’d better make yourself at home.

②当宾语前带有主语的形容词性物主代词时（hold one’s breath, take one’s place, make up one’s mind）

 The doctor shook his head and then went out without any words. 

③enter, leave, reach的宾语是地点或处所的词时

She entered the hall at once.       He left school in 1998.

④宾语是同源宾语时

He lived a peaceful life.      She dreamt a terrible dream. 

⑤宾语是动词不定式或动词的-ing形式时

He admitted having done wrong.      He has decided to go and study abroad.  

⑥带名词的不可拆开的动词短语(lose heart, lose patience, make faces, make the bed, make room for, keep watch, keep silence, take office, take notes, take up arms，…)

*6.主动结构被动含义：

①不及物动词sell, wash, read, write, act, add, wear, cook, lock, tear, cut, keep, feel, burn, strike等与表示行为方式的状语(well, easily, perfectly)连用时

  Organic food sells well.     My pen writes smoothly.       His voice records well.

②感官系动词look, smell, taste, sound, prove, appear

  Their method proved (to be) effective.     The flowers smell sweet.   The steel feels cold.

③不用于被动语态的词语(spread, happen, occur, take place, break out, come about, come down, come out, come up, go out, go up, belong to, be able to, consist of, date from, look like, pay off, run out, take off, turn out,…)

④Sth + need/want/require doing.  (= …to be done.)

⑤Sth be (well) worth doing.

⑥She is to blame. 她应该受到责备。The house is to let. 此房出租。

⑦The question is easy to answer.   (不定式接在系表结构后，并与主语构成动宾关系)

⑧The door won’t lock.  The window won’t shut.   The drawer won’t open.

(某事物暂时失去某一特征)

⑨be under repair/construction/discussion/consideration

be in the charge/possession of