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今天,老师为同学们总结了英语必修5的的重点词汇、短语、句型和单元语法,方便大家学习和考试复习用!
Unit1 Great scientists
重点词汇、短语
1. put forward 提出
2. conclude 结束,结论
3. draw a conclusion 得出结论
4. defeat 打败
5. attend 照顾,护理,出席
6. expose to 使显露
7. cure 治愈,治疗
8. challenge 挑战
9. suspect 怀疑,被怀疑者
10. blame 责备
11. handle 柄,把手,处理,掌控
12. link 联系,连接
13. link to 将…和…连接
14. announce 宣布
15. contribute 捐献,贡献
16. apart from 除了
17. be strict with 对…严格
18. make sense 讲的通,有意义
19. spin 使旋转
20. reject 拒绝,抛弃
重点句型
1. What do you know about infectious diseases?
你对传染性疾病了解多少?
2. John Snow was a famous doctor in London – so expert, indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician.
约翰•斯诺是伦敦一位著名的医生——他的确医术精湛,因而成为维多利亚女王的私人大夫。
3. But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.
但当他一想到要帮助患了霍乱的普通老百姓,他就感到很振奋。
4. Neither its cause, nor its cure was understood.
人们既不知道它的病源,也不了解它的治疗方法。
5. He knew that cholera would never be controlled until its cause was found.
他知道,在找到病源之前,霍乱疫情是无法控制的。
6. The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals.
第二种看法是在吃饭的时候人们把这种病毒引入体内的。
7. John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence.
约翰•斯诺猜想第二个理论是正确的,但他需要证据。
8. It seemed that the water was to blame.
看来要归罪于饮用水了。
9. He immediately told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the handle from the pump so that it could not be used.
约翰•斯诺马上叫宽街上惊惶失措的老百姓拆掉水泵的把手,这样水泵就用不成了。
10. In another part of London, he found supporting evidence from two other deaths that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak.
在伦敦的另一个地区,他从两个与宽街爆发的霍乱有关联的死亡病例中又发现了有力证据。
语法总结——过去分词作定语和表语
一. 过去分词作表语
作表语用的过去分词表示主语的特点或所处的状态,相当于形容词,强调主谓关系;被动语态表示动作,强调动宾关系,绝大多数被动结构中的行为执行者还可以用by短语来表示。
1. 过去分词做表语与被动语态的差异:
The store is now closed.(系表)
The library is usually closed at 8:00 p.m. (被动)
2. 某些过去分词作表语,多半用来表示人物所处的心理状态或情感变化, 其主语主要是人。
这类过去分词通常为下列过去分词: delighted, devoted, discouraged , astonished, frightened, excited, inspired, encouraged, interested, contented, pleased, puzzled, satisfied, tired, worried, ect .
二. 过去分词作定语
作定语的过去分词相当于形容词,其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词。及物动词的过去分词作定语,既表被动又表完成;不及物动词的过去分词作定语,只表完成。
1. 过去分词用作定语,如果是单个的,置于其所修饰的名词之前。
We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions.
我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况。
2. 过去分词短语用作定语时,置于其所修饰的名词之后,其意义相当于一个定语从句,但较从句简洁,多用于书面语中。
The concert given by their friends was a success.
他们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功。
3. 过去分词短语有时也可用作非限制性定语,前后常有逗号。
The meeting,attended by over five thousand people,welcomed the great hero.
他们举行了欢迎英雄的大会,到会的有五千多人。
Unit2 The United Kingdom
重点词汇、短语
1. consist 组成,在于,一致
2. consist of 由…组成
3. divide…into 把…分成
4. break away from 脱离
5. to one’s credit 在…的名下,为…带来荣誉
6. attract 吸引,引起注意
7. leave out 省去,遗漏,不考虑
8. plus 加上,和,正的
9. take the place of 代替
10. break down 损坏,破坏
11. arrange 安排
12. fold 折叠,对折
13. delight 快乐,高兴,喜悦
重点句型
1. How many countries does the UK consist of?
联合王国由几个国家组成?
2. You can easily clarify this question if you study British history.
如果你学习了英国历史,很容易就能弄清楚这个问题。
3. Happily this was accomplished without conflict when King James of Scotland became King of England and Wales as well.
令人高兴的是,这件事没有引起冲突就完成了,那时候苏格兰的詹姆斯国王也成为了英格兰和威尔士的国王。
4. However, the southern part of Ireland was unwilling and broke away to form its own government.
然而,爱尔兰的南部却不愿意而分离出去了,并建立了自己的政府。
5. To their credit the four countries do work together in some areas.
值得表扬的是,这四个国家的确在一些方面共同合作。
6. England is the largest of the four countries, and for convenience it is divided roughly into three zones.
在这四个国家中,英格兰最大,为了方便起见,它大致被分为了三个地区。
7. You must keep your eyes open if you are going to make your trip to the United Kingdom enjoyable and worthwhile.
如果你想要使你的英国之旅愉快又有意义,你就必须留心观察。
8. Worried about the time available, Zhang Pingyu had made a list of the sites she wanted to see in London.
由于担心时间不够,张萍玉早就把她想在伦敦参观的地点列了一张单子。
9. It looked splendid when first built.
刚建成的时候,它看起来真是金碧辉煌。
10. What interested her most was the longitude line.
她最感兴趣的是那条经线。
语法总结——过去分词作宾补
过去分词作宾语补足语,说明宾语的状态或性质,过去分词所表示的动作和宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系。
一. 能接过去分词作宾语补足语的动词有三类:
1. 表示感觉或心理状态的动词,如:see, hear, feel, watch, notice;think(认为), consider, find等。
We saw the thief caught by the police.
我看见小偷被警察抓住了。
We thought the game lost.
我们认为球赛输了。
2. 表示“致使”或“保持某状态”意义的动词,如:make, get, have, keep, leave等。
Don’t leave such an important thing undone.
不要让这么重要的事没有人做。
He had his hat blown away on his way home.
在回家的路上他的帽子被吹掉了。
3. 表示“希望、要求、命令”等动词,如:want, wish, like, expect, order等。
I want the house white-washed before we move in.
我想要房子在我搬进去之前粉刷完。
He won’t like such questions discussed at the meeting.
他不喜欢在会上讨论这样的问题。
二. "with +宾语+过去分词"结构
"with +宾语+过去分词"结构中,过去分词用作介词with的宾语补足语。这一结构通常在句中作时间,方式,条件,原因等状语。例如:
1. The murderer was brought in,with his hands tied behind his back.凶手被带进来了,他的双手被绑在背后.(表方式)
2. With water heated,we can see the steam.水一被加热,我们就会看到水蒸气.(表条件)
3. With the matter settled,we all went home.事情得到解决,我们都回家了.(表原因)
Unit3 Life in the Future
重点词汇、短语
1. impression 印象,感想
2. take up 拿起,开始,继续
3. constant 时常发生的,连续不断的
4. previous 在前的,早先的
5. guide 指导,向导
6. lack 缺乏,没有
7. lose sight of 看不见
8. sweep up 横扫
9. slide into 移动,溜进
10. optimistic 乐观的
11. speed up 加速
12. desert 沙漠
13. instant 瞬间,片刻
14. settlement 定居,解决
重点句型
1. I have to remind myself constantly that I am really in AD 3008.
我得不断提醒自己我真的到公元3008年了。
2. At first my new surroundings were difficult to tolerate.
开始的时候,新的环境让我难以忍受。
3. The air seemed thin, as though its combination of gases had little oxygen left.
空气似乎很稀薄,好像在混合的气体中剩下的氧气很少。
4. Hit by a lack of fresh air, my head ached.
由于缺乏新鲜空气,我感到头痛。
5. Soon I was back on my feet again and following him to collect a hovering carriage driven by computer.
很快我又重新振作起来,然后跟随他领取了一部由电脑控制的气垫车。
6. However, I lost sight of Wang Ping when we reached what looked like a large market because of too many carriages flying by in all directions.
可是,当我们到达一个看上去像大市场的地方时,由于太多车子朝四面八方飞奔,我看不见王平了。
7. He was swept up into the center of them.
他被卷入到这群车队中去了。
8. Arriving at a strange-looking house, he showed me into a large, bright clean room.
到了一幢看上去很奇怪的房子里,他把握带到一个明亮而清洁的大房间。
9. I found later that their leaves provided the room with much-needed oxygen.
后来我才发现,就是这些树的叶子为这栋房屋提供了最急需的氧气。
语法总结——过去分词作状语
过去分词短语作状语,可表示时间,原因,条件等,可发展为一个状语从句。过去分词作状语时其逻辑主语为主句的主语。过去分词作状语时的具体用法:
1. 过去分词作时间状语相当于一个时间状语从句。例如:
Asked (When he was asked) what had happened, he lowered his head.
当他被问问题的时候,他低下了头。
2. 过去分词作原因状语相当于一个原因状语从句。例如:
Frightened (=Because / As she was frightened) by the tiger, the girl didn't dare to sleep alone.
因为害怕老虎, 这个女孩不敢单独睡觉。
3. 过去分词作条件状语相当于一个条件状语从句。例如:
Grown (If these seeds are grown) in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast.
如果种在肥沃的土壤里, 这些种子能长得很快。
4. 过去分词作让步状语相当于一个让步状语从句。例如:
Left (Although he was left) at home, John didn't feel afraid at all.
虽然John被单独留在房间里, 他一点都不害怕。
5. 过去分词作状语表示伴随动作或状态。例如:
The teacher entered the classroom, (and he was) followed by a group of students.
老师进入教室,后面跟着一帮学生。
Unit4 Making the News
重点词汇、短语
1. delighted 快乐的,欣喜的
2. assist 帮助,协助
3. process 加工,处理,过程,程序
4. concentrate on 集中,聚集
5. acquire 获得,学到
6. assess 评估,评定
7. inform 通知
8. depend on 依靠
9. accuse… of 控告
10. so as to 为了
11. demand 需求,要求
12. ahead of 在…前面
13. approve 许可,批准
重点句型
1. Never will Zhou Yang forget his first assignment at the office of a popular English newspaper.
周阳永远不会忘记他在一家知名的英语报报社第一天上班的工作任务。
2. You’ll find your colleagues very eager to assist you, so you may be able to concentrate on photography later if you’re interested.
你将会发现你的同事们会热情地帮助你,如果你对摄影感兴趣,以后你可以集中精力去钻研。
3. Not only am I interested in photography, but I took an amateur course at university to update my skills.
对摄影我不只是感兴趣,在大学里我还专修过业余摄影课来更新我的技术。
4. Only if you ask many different questions will you acquire all the information you need to know.
只有提很多不同的问题,你才能收集到你需要的信息。
5. They must use research to inform themselves of the missing parts of the story.
他们必须通过调查研究来获悉被遗漏的那部分情况。
6. Meanwhile you have to prepare the next question depending on what the persons said.
同时,你还要根据被采访人所说的话准备提出下一个问题。
7. Have you ever had a case where someone accused your journalists of getting the wrong end of the stick?
你们有没有过这样的情况:有人控告你的记者,说他们的报道完全失实呢?
8. This is how the story goes.
事情是这样的。
9. He denied taking money but we were sceptical.
他否认收了钱,但我们对此表示怀疑。
10. It was a dilemma because the footballer could have demanded damages if we were wrong.
这事有些为难,因为如果我们错了,这名足球运动员就可以向我们索要赔偿。
语法总结——倒装句
一. 倒装句的含义
将句子中的整个谓语动词或谓语动词的一部分(包括助动词、be动词和情态动词)提到主语之前,这样的句子结构就叫做倒装句。
二. 倒装句的分类
(一)完全倒装:将句子中整个谓语动词提到主语前的句子结构。例如:
Out rushed th children.
孩子们冲了出来。
以下两种情况必须使用完全倒装:
1. 当out、in、down、up、away、here、there、then等副词位于句首时。例如:
Down came the rain and up went the umbrellas.
下雨了,伞都撑了起来。
2. 当in the room、on the wall等表示地点状语的介词短语置于句首时。例如:
At the top of the hill stood the tiny chapel.
那座小教堂矗立在山顶上。
注意:完全倒装通常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时中,并且如果主语是人称代词时则不能倒装。例如:
Then he left.(正确)
Then left he.(错误)
(二)部分倒装:将句子中谓语动词的一部分(包括助动词、be动词和情态动词)提到主语前的句子结构。
以下两种情况必须使用部分倒装:
1. 表示否定意义的副词或介词短语如not、never、seldom、little、hardly、no sooner、no longer、nowhere、by no means、in no case、on no condition、in/under no circumstances等位于句首时。例如:
Seldom does he go out for dinner.
他很少出去吃饭。
In/Under no circumstances will I lend money to him.
无论如何我也不会再借钱给他了。
2. “only+副词/介词短语/状语从句”结构位于句首时。例如:
Only then did he realize that he was wrong.
到那时他才意识到他错了。
Only in this way are you able to do it well.
你只有用这种方法才能把它做好。
Only when he returned home did he realize what had happened.
当他回到家里时,才知道出了什么事。
注意:关于部分倒装,有六个经典句型,是考查倒装句时的高频考点,和小简老师一起来看看。
经典句型1. 在not only…but also...句型中,not only位于句首时,其后句子用部分倒装,but also后的句子依然是陈述句式。例如:
Not only did he speak more correctly, but he spoke more easily.
不仅他讲得更正确,也讲得更简单了。
经典句型2. 在not…until句型中,当not until…位于句首时,其后的主句要用部分倒装。例如:
Not until the rain stopped did he leave the room.
雨停了之后他才离开这房间。
经典句型3. 在so+adj./adv.+that...句型中,当so+adj./adv.位于句首时,其所在句用部分倒装,that引导的结果状语从句依然是陈述句式。例如:
So fast does light travel that we can hardly imagine its speed.
光速很快,我们几乎没法想像它的速度。
经典句型4. so+助动词/be动词/情态动词+主语,表示前面提出的某一肯定的情况也同样适合于后者。例如:
You are young and so am I.
你年轻,我也年轻。
She likes music and so do I.
她喜欢音乐,我也喜欢。
If he can do it, so can I.
要是他能做此事,我也能。
经典句型5. neither/nor+助动词/be动词/情态动词+主语,表示前面提出的某一否定的情况也同样适合于后者。例如:
You aren’t young and neither am I.
你不年轻,我也不年轻。
She hasn’t read it and nor have I.
她没有读过它,我也没有读过。
经典句型6. 在neither...nor...句型中,两个连词后的句子都用部分倒装,意为“既不......也不......”。例如:
Neiher can I swim,nor can I skate.
我既不会游泳,也不会滑冰。
(三)形式倒装:形式倒装只出现在as和though引导的让步状语从句中,其具体情况分为以下三种。
1. 在as/though引导的让步状语从句中,省去冠词(a,an,the)的表语提到句首时。例如:
Boy as/though he was, he behaved like a girl.
他虽是个男孩,但举止却像个女孩。
Tired as/though I was, I tried to help them.
虽然我很累,我还是努力帮助他们。
2. 在as/though引导的让步状语从句中,程度状语提前时。例如:
Hard as/though they tried, they couldn’t make her change her mind.
尽管他们做了很大努力,却没法让她改变主意。
3. 在as/though引导的让步状语从句中,动词原形提前时。例如:
Search as/though they would, they would find nobody in the house.
无论怎样搜查,他们在房子里仍然没有找到一个人。
注意:as引导的让步状语从句必须倒装;though引导的让步状语从句倒装或陈述均可。例如:
Though I was tired, I tried to help them. =Tired though I was, I tried to help them.
虽然我很累,我还是努力帮助他们。
三. 虚拟条件句的省略与倒装
当if引导的虚拟条件从句中含有had, were, should等时,如将if省略,则要将had, were, should等提到主语前,构成部分倒装。例如:
Had you come yesterday, you would have seen him.
若你昨天来,你就会见到他了。
Should it snow tomorrow,we would make a snowman.
如果明天下雪,我们会堆一个雪人。
Were it not for your help, I would still be homeless now.
要不是你的帮助,我现在仍然无家可归。
注意:省略 if 后提前的had不一定是助动词,也可以是实意动词。例如:
Had I money, I would buy it.
如果我有钱,我就会买它。
Unit5 First aid
重点词汇、短语
1. first aid 急救
2. fall ill 生病
3. poison 毒药,使中毒
4. electric shock 触电,电休克
5. swell 使膨胀,隆起
6. squeeze 榨,挤
7. squeeze out 榨出,挤出
8. over and over again 反复,多次
9. in place 在适当的位置
10. pour 倒,灌
11. a number of 许多
12. put one’s hands on 找到
13. treat 治疗,对待,款待
14. apply 应用,运用,申请
15. make a difference 区别对待,有影响,起(重要)作用
重点句型
1. Burns are called first degree, second degree or third degree burns depending on which layers of the skins are burnt.
根据皮肤烧伤的层次而有一度烧伤、二度烧伤和三度烧伤。
2. Remove clothing using scissors if necessary unless it is stuck to the burn.
除非衣服黏贴在烧伤面上,否则如果必须的话就要用剪刀把衣物移除。
3. If burns are on arms or legs, keep them higher than the heart, if possible.
如果烧伤的部位在臂部或腿部,可能的话,就要把他们抬高到高于心脏的位置。
4. …it is vital to get the victim to the doctor or hospital at once.
……立即把受害者送往医院或送去看医生至关重要。
5. John was studying in his room when he heard screaming.
约翰正在房里学习,突然听到一声尖叫。
6. She was lying in her front garden bleeding very heavily.
她躺在前花园的地上,流血不止。
7. He immediately asked a number of nearby people for bandages, …
他立即向旁边的一些人要绷带,……
8. He slowed the bleeding by applying pressure to the wounds until the police and ambulance arrived.
他使劲地按住伤口,使血流得慢些,一直等到警察和救护车的到来。
8. There is no doubt that Jon’s quick thinking and the first aid skills he learned at school saved Ms Slade’s life.
毫无疑问,是敏捷的思维和在学校学到的急救技术,使得斯莱德女士的生命得救了。
9. It shows that a knowledge of first aid can make a real difference.
这说明了急救知识的确能发挥重要的作用。
语法总结——省略句
一. 简单句中的省略
1. 省略主语
1)祈使句中的主语通常被省略 如:
(You) Open the door, please. 请开一下门。
2) 其它省略主语多限于现成的说法 如:
a) (I) Thank you for your help 谢谢你的帮助。
b) (It)Doesn’t matter.没关系。
2. 省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分
a) (There is) No smoking. 禁止抽烟
b) (Is there)anything else ? 还有其他事吗 ?
c) (You come)This way please.请这边走。
d) (Will you) Have a smoke ? 抽烟吗 ?
3. 省略宾语
—Do you know Mr. Li ? 你认识李先生吗?
— I don’t know (him.) 我不认识他
4. 省略表语
—Are you thirsty ? 你30岁了吗?
Yes , I am (thirsty). 是的,我是。
5. 同时省略几个成分
—Are you feeling better now? 你觉得好些了吗 ?
—(I am feeling ) Much better (now) 好多了。
(I wish) Good luck (to you) .祝你好运/祝你顺利。
二. 并列复合句中的省略
在并列句中后边的分句可以省略与前边分句中相同的成分。如:
a) The boy picked up a coin in the road and (the boy ) handed it to a policeman.
这个男孩在马路上拾起一枚硬币并把他交给了警察。
b) Your advice made me happy but(your advice made) Tom angry .
你的建议使我高兴但使汤姆生气。
c) Tom must have been playing basketball and Mary (must have been)doing her homework.
汤姆肯定一直在打篮球,玛丽一直在写作业。
d) Gao Xiumin was born in 1959 and Fu Biao (was born) in 1963.
高秀敏出生于1959年,傅彪出生于1963年。
三. 主从复合句中的省略
1. 状语从句中的省略
一般说来省略现象多出现在下列五种状语从句中:
1)由 when ,while ,as ,before, after , till, until, once等引导的时间状语从句;
2)由whether ,if , unless 等引导的条件状语从句;
3)由though , although ,even if ,whatever等引导的让步状语从句;
4)由 as ,than 等引导的比较状语从句;
5)由as, as if , as though 等引导的方式状语从句。
上述状语从句在省略时应遵循下面原则:当状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时,可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词be。如:
a) Once (he was)a worker ,Pang Long now becomes a famous singer .
庞龙曾经是个工人,现在变成一位著名的歌手。
b) Work hard when (you are) young ,or you'll regret.
趁年轻要努力学习,要不然你会后悔的。
c) He looked everywhere as if (he was)in search of something .
他到处看似乎在找什么东西。
d) While (he was) holding talks with President Hu Jintao ,US President George W. Bush thanked China for its important role in the Six-Party Talks.
美国总统布什在与胡锦涛主席会谈时,感谢中国在六方会谈中起的重要作用。
e) The exhibition is more interesting than (it was) expected .这次展览比被预料的有趣的多。
f) Olympic gold medallist hurdler Liu Xiang opened his lips as if (he were) to speak。奥林匹克金牌获得者跨栏运动员刘翔张开嘴好像要说什么。
注意:
1) 当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时,间或也有这样的省略,如:
Her father told her to be careful when (she was)crossing the street.当她过马路时父亲告诉她要当心。
2) 当从句的主语是 it,谓语动词中又含有系动词be 时,可以把it和系动词be一起省略。如:
Unless (it is) necessary ,you'd better not refer to the dictionary.如果没有必要,你最好不要查字典。
2. 定语从句中的省略
1) 一般说来,在限制性定语从句中,作宾语的关系代词 that ,which , whom 可以省略。如:
Is this reason (that) he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?
这就是他在会上解释他工作中粗心的原因吗?(2002上海春季)
注意:
在非限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词 which , whom 不可以省略。试比较:
Tom (whom) you saw yesterday fell ill.( whom可以省)
你昨天见到的汤姆病倒了。
Tom , whom you saw yesterday ,fell ill. ( whom不可以省)
汤姆病倒了,你昨天见到他了。
2)在口语和非正式用语中,关系副词when ,where , 和 why 经常用that 来代替,甚至还可省略。如:
a) He wants to find a good place (where/that) we can have a picnic during the “golden week ”holiday .
他想找一个能在黄金周期间野餐的好地方。
b) Could you tell us the reason (why/that)he was so unhappy ?
你能告诉我们他为什么如此不高兴吗?
3)当先行词为表示方式的 the way 时 ,从句不能用 how 来引导 ,应该用that 或 in which ,或将它们全部省略。如:
I don't like the way (that/in which) you laugh at her.我不喜欢你嘲笑他的行为。
3. 宾语从句中的省略
1)在及物动词后面所接的宾语从句中,连词that 一般可以省略。但如果及物动词后面是由that引导的两个或两个以上的并列的宾语从句 ,那么只有第一个that可以省略。如:
a) I think (that) the reform of the renminbi's exchange rate is necessary.
我认为人民币兑换率的改革是必要的。
b) He said (that)the Anti-secession law had been passed and that President Hu Jintao had signed a presidential order 他说《 反分裂国家法》已被通过,而且胡锦涛主席已签署了主席令。
2)由 which , when ,where , how,和 why 引导的宾语从句,可以全部或部分省略。如:
a) I know that NBA star Yao Ming will come to our city but I don’t know when (he will come to our city).
我知道NBA明星要到我们城市来但我不知道他什么时候来。
b) He wants to move abroad but his parents wonders why (he wants to move abroad)
他想搬迁到国外但他的父母想知道为什么。
4. 在与suggest ,request ,order ,advise 等词相关的名词性从句中,须用虚拟语气形式“should +动词原形”,should可以省略。如:
Chirac, President of the Republic of France suggested that the China-France Culture Year (should) last long in various forms.
法国总统希拉克建议中法文化年以各种各样的形式长期持续。
5. 主句省略多用于句首。如:
(It is a ) Pity that I didn’t go to Mary's birthday party yesterday.
很遗憾,我昨天没有去参加玛丽的生日聚会。
6.在答语中,主句可全部省略。如:
—Why were you absent from school last Friday ?上周五你为什么没有上学?
—(I was absent from school)Because my mother was ill.因为我妈妈病了。
四. 动词不定式省略,只保留to 的场合
1. 不定式作某些动词的宾语时。这些动词常见的有:love, like, care, wish, hope, expect, prefer, refuse, mean , try , oblige , advise , persuade , agree , want , afford , forget , remember , try , manage等。如:
a)— You should have thanked her before you left . 你本该在离开前谢谢她。
—I meant to,but when I was leaving I couldn’t find her anywhere.—我本打算这么做,但当我就要离开的时候我却找不到她了。
b) You can do it this way if you like to.
如果你想做,你可以这么做。
2. 不定式作某些动词的宾语补足语或主语补足语时。这些动词常见的有:ask , tell ,advise, force, persuade, wish, allow, permit , forbid ,expect, order ,warn 等。如 :
a) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street ,but his mother told him not to (ride his bicycle in the street).
男孩想在街上骑他的自行车,但他母亲不让。
b) She wants to come but her parents won’t allow her to (come).
她想来,可是她父母不让。
3. 不定式在句中作某些形容词的状语时。常见的形容词有:happy, glad ,eager , anxious , willing , ready等。如:
— I will be away on a business trip. Could you mind looking after my cat ?我要出差,你能帮我照顾一下我的猫吗?
— Not at all. I would be happy to (look after your cat).没关系,我很愿意。
4. 不定式作某些复合谓语时。常见结构如:be able to, be going to, have to, ought to, used to等。如:
He doesn’t like fish but he used to .
他现在不喜欢吃鱼,但过去喜欢。
注意:但不定式后有be,have时,也保留be和have。如:
——Are you a quite man?你是个安静的人吗?
——No, I am not. But I used to be.不,不是。但是我曾经是。
五. 动词不定式to 的省略
1. 主语部分有to do,系动词 is 或 was 时 ,作表语的不定式通常省去to。如:
The only thing you have to do is press the button.
你必须做的惟一事情是按按钮。
2. 作介词but ,expect ,besides 的宾语,前面又有实意动词 do时,不定式通常省去to. 如:
He said that Chen Shuibian had nothing to do except push a pro-“independence” timetable.
他说陈水扁除了推进支持“独立”的时间表外,什么也没有做。
3. 主语部分暗含to do,表语中的不定式通常省去to。如:
All I want (to do) is go to school and study hard .我想要(做)的就是上学,努力学习。
4. 当两个或多个不定式并列时,其后的不定式符号可以省略,但有对比关系时不可省略。如:
It is easier to say than to do . 说起来容易,做起来难。
5. 在would rather…than… 等结构中,不定式符号常常要省略. 如:
I would rather stay at home than go to see a film.
我宁愿呆在家也不愿去看电影。
6. 在see ,watch ,notice ,hear, listen to ,look at ,feel ,have, make, let ,observe 等词后作宾语补足语时省略不定式符号to. 如:
I saw her enter the room.
我看见她进入了房间
7. why (not) do 结构 中, 不定式也不带to。如:
Why not join us ?
为什么不加入到我们的行列里来呢?
六. 虚拟条件句中的省略
在if引导的虚拟条件句中,可省去if,此时,须把were、had或shoud提到主语前,如:
If I were a teacher, I would be strict with my students.
= Were I a teacher, I would be strict with my students.
如果我是老师,我会对我的学生非常严格。
七. so和not的替代性省略
为了避免重复前面所说过的内容,替代词so/not替代肯定或否定的名词性从句。可与believe,do,expect,fear,guess,hope,say,speak,suppose,think,I’m afraid等连用。 如:
——Do you suppose he is going to attend the meeting? 你猜他会参加婚礼吗?
—— I suppose not.我猜不会。
八. 其他一些省略结构
1. 名词所有格修饰的名词,若表示住宅、店铺、教堂或上下文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时,常常可以省略。如:
We spent the weekend at the Mary's.
我们在玛丽家过的周末。
2. What和 how引导的感叹句中,常可省略主语 it 和be动词 如:
a) What a wonderful victory (it is ) for Tom !
这对Tom来说是个多么大的胜利呀!
b) How beautiful (it is ) to be treated like a normal child.
被当作一个正常孩子对待对他而言是多么美妙的一件事呀。
3. 情景会话中,在不引起歧义的情况下,答语常常省略主语、谓语或宾语,而只保留对方希望了解的内容。
——How many copies do you want? 你想要多少册?
——(I want) Three copies, please. 三册。
——Have you ever been to the Great Wall? 你去过长城吗?
——No, (I have) never (been to the Great Wall). 从没去过。
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