中文讲稿

00:00

前往苏格兰的前一天晚上，我受邀在上海主持了“中国达人秀”的总决赛，八万现场观众聚集在体育场内，猜猜谁是表演嘉宾？苏珊·波伊尔，我对她说“我明天就要去苏格兰”，她唱的棒极了，甚至还尝试说些中文，送你葱，这不是类似“你好”或“谢谢”之类，普通的话，它的意思是“葱免费”，她为什么这样说呢？因为这出自一位，中国版“苏珊大妈”之口，一位50多岁的女士，一位上海菜商，她非常钟爱西方歌剧，但是她根本不懂，英语、法语或者意大利语，所以她尝试用中文的蔬菜名称，去填词，（笑声），她在体育场现场所演唱的，“今夜无人入睡”中的最后一句，就是“送你葱”，所以当苏珊·波伊尔唱的时候，现场八万人齐声合唱，非常有意思。

01:21

所以我猜苏珊·波伊尔，和这位上海菜商都不同寻常，她们都是在被称为娱乐圈的行业中，在最不被看好的情况下获得成功的，勇气和天赋是她们所依靠的，节目和平台，为她们提供了实现，梦想的舞台，与众不同并没有多难，从不同角度来说，我们每个人都各不相同，但是我认为与众不同是件好事，因为你展示了一种不同的观点，你也许有机会去创造不同。

02:01

我这一代人非常有幸可以目睹和参与到，过去二三十年中给中国带来众多改变的这场历史性转变，我记得1990年的时候，我那时刚刚大学毕业，我应聘了一份销售部门的工作，在当时北京第一家五星级酒店，北京喜来登长城饭店--这家店现在还在，当我被这位日本经理，询问了半小时之后，他最后说，“那么，杨小姐，你还有什么问题想问我的吗？”，我鼓起勇气泰然自若的说，“是的，您可否告诉我，你们到底销售的是什么？”，我当时对于一个五星级酒店销售部门到底在卖什么，没有什么概念，那是我生平第一次走进一家，五星级酒店。

02:54

大约就在同时，我参加了一次试镜，中国国家电视台的，第一次公开试镜，试镜的还有数千名大学女孩儿，制片人对我们说，他们想找一些甜美，单纯，漂亮的新面孔，所以当轮到我的时候，我站起来说，“为什么电视上女性的个性，总是必须要漂亮，甜美，单纯，比较讨好？为什么不能拥有自己的想法，自己的声音？”，我觉得我好像有点冒犯他们了，实际上，他们却对我的话留下了深刻印象，于是我入围了第二轮选拔，然后是第三轮、第四轮，七轮选拔过后，我是唯一留下来的选手，于是我出现在了国家电视台黄金时段的节目上，大家可能不信，但那是中国的电视台中第一个，允许主持人表达出个人观点，而不用照读审核脚本的节目，（鼓掌），我当时每周的观众人数，在2-3亿人左右。

04:11

数年后，我决定去美国哥伦比亚大学，进修研究生，同时开始经营我自己的传媒公司，这些在我刚刚开始工作的时候是从来没想过的，因此我们做了许多工作，过去这些年，我面试了一千多人，有时，年轻朋友找到我，说“杨澜，你改变了我的一生”，我为此觉得很自豪，但是，我们同样非常幸运，可以见证整个国家的转变，我是北京申奥团队的一员，上海世博会的形象大使，我见证了中国融入着世界，同样在被世界所接受，但是我时常会思考，当代的年轻人是什么样的？他们是如何与众不同的，什么样的未来是他们将要塑造的，中国的未来，说的大一些，世界的未来？

05:08

所以，今天我想基于社交媒体平台谈谈年轻人，首先，他们是谁？他们看起来是什么样子的？，这个女孩儿叫郭美美，20岁的漂亮女孩儿，她炫耀自己的名牌包，衣服和汽车，在自己的微博上，中国版的推特，同时她自称中国红十字会，商业总经理，她并没意识到，她触及了人们的敏感神经，并引起了整个国家的质疑，几乎是一片混乱，质疑红十字会的信誉，论战非常激烈，红十字会不得不召开新闻发布会，进行澄清，同时调查也进行着。

05:56

截至今日，我们所知的是她自己编造了那个头衔，也许是因为她觉得和慈善扯上关系很值得炫耀，那些奢侈品，都是她的男友送她的，礼物，她男友曾是红十字会商业部下属部门的的一位董事，很难理清其中的关系，但不管怎样，公众还是不买帐，依旧群情激愤，这表现出的是一种对以往，缺少机构透明度的政府或是拥有政府背景机构的信任缺失，这件事同样表明了，作为社交媒体的微博所拥有的力量，和影响力。

06:40

微博兴起于2010年，伴随着翻一倍的访问量，和三倍使用时间的激增，新浪网，主要的新闻门户网站，拥有一亿四千多万微博用户，腾讯，2亿，最受欢迎的博主--，不是我自己，是位影星，她拥有九百五十多万关注者或是粉丝，其中约八成的使用者是年轻人，不到30岁，如你所知，因为，传统媒体依然在政府严格的监管下，所以社交媒体就提供了一个，信息公开的小缺口，但是因为你没有太多其他渠道，仅从这个缺口传出的信息，有的时候非常的激烈，活跃，甚至带有暴力。

07:32

因此通过微博的方式，我们可以去更好的了解中国的年轻人，那么他们如何不同呢？，首先，他们大多生于，80和90后，在计划生育政策下，基于重男轻女的原因，许多家庭进行选择性流产，造成现在，男性比女性多3千万的现状，这可能会给社会带来潜在风险，但谁又知道呢，我们活在全球化的世界，所以他们可以找别的国家的女友，他们普遍受过良好的教育，中国这一代人中的文盲率，不到1%，城市里80%的孩子可以接受大学教育，但是他们正面临着中国的老龄化，65岁以上的人口比重，今年达到了百分之七点多，并且可能在2030年，达到百分之十五，众所周知我们有这样的传统，那就是年轻人要供养老年人，并在他们生病的时候照顾他们，这就意味着年轻的夫妇，将要供养四位老人，中国人口平均寿命为73岁。

08:48

所以年轻人要过生活，并不容易，大学毕业生供过于求，在城市里，大学毕业生找到的第一份工作，月薪大约在400美元左右，但是平均房租，约为500美元以上，那么他们怎么办呢？他们不得不合租，挤在非常有限的空间内，为了省钱，他们把自己叫做“蚁族”，对于那些准备结婚，自己买房的人来说，他们不得不为此工作，30到40年，才能负担得起他们的第一套房子，同样的数据在美国，仅仅需要花费一对夫妇5年的积蓄，但在房地产价格飞涨的中国，则需要30到40年。

09:36

在两亿的外来务工者中，六成是年轻人，他们发现自己可以说是夹在，城市和农村之间，他们中的大多数不想再回到农村去，但却缺少归属感，他们工作时间很长，收入和社会福利却很少，同时他们却更加脆弱，对于失业，通货膨胀，银行信贷紧缩，人民币升值，或是欧美国家，对于他们所生产商品，的需求下降，去年，有一起令人震惊的事件，发生在中国南方一家原始设备制造商的园区内，13名年轻的工人，在他们20岁左右的年纪，选择了自杀，一个接一个就像传染病一样，他们的动机却是各种不同的个人原因，但是整个事件，却唤起社会对于外来务工人员，身体和精神，两方面被孤立的质疑和思考。

10:44

对于那些返回农村的务工人员，他们发现自己在当地很受欢迎，因为在城市里，通过网络的辅助，他们掌握了知识，技术和网络，他们可以创造更多就业机会，提升当地农业水平同时创造新商机，在欠发达的市场，因此过去这几年中，沿海地区，出现了劳动力资源短缺。

11:08

这些图表展示了，一个更加普遍的社会背景，第一个是恩格尔系数，它揭示了日常必需品的消费，下降的百分比，在最近十年中，家庭收入方面，下降到37%，但是在过去两年中，再次上升到39%，标志着生活成本的上升，基尼系数，已经超过警戒线0.4个百分点，现在是0.5--，甚至比美国更糟糕--，展示出了收入的不平衡，同时你可以发现整个社会，对于缺少流动性，变得失去信心，同时，对于权力和财富的，仇恨心理，非常普遍，所以任何对于权力部门或商业领域，的腐败或幕后交易的指控，都会唤起社会的不满，甚至是骚乱。

12:11

因此通过微博上的一些热门话题，我们可以发现年轻人最关心的是什么，社会正义和政府问责制，名列前茅，最近的十年间，大规模的城市化和城市发展，让我们看到了许多，关于私有财产强制拆迁，的报道，这同样在年轻人中引起了强烈的，愤怒和失望，人们有时因此而死，有的时候为了保卫自己的财产不惜自焚，因此当这些事件越来越频繁的，被互联网公之于众的时候，人民要求政府采取行动予以制止。

12:54

于是好消息是今年年初的时候，国务院通过一项新的规章制度，关于房屋的征用和拆除，并且把强行拆除，的权利从地方政府转移到，法院，同样的，许多其他事关公共安全的事件，同样是网络热门议题，我们听到了空气污染，水污染和有毒食品问题，你知道吗，我们制造假牛肉，他们有种配料，你把它刷在一片鸡肉或鱼肉上，它们就变得看起来像牛肉，然后最近，人们非常关心食用油问题，因为数以千计的人发现，[精炼]食用油，来自餐厅的地沟油，于是所有这些，引起了来自互联网的巨大反响，幸运的是，我们看到政府部门，更加及时，更加频繁的对公众关心的问题，作出反应。

13:58

同时年轻人看起来更加关注，自己在公共政策制定中，的参与性，但是他们有时有一点点迷失于，他们想要什么样的个人生活，中国很快将要超越美国，成为奢侈品品牌，最大的市场--，这还不包括中国人在欧洲或者其他地方，的消费，但是你知道吗？这些消费群体中的一半，收入在2000美元以下，他们根本不富裕，他们把那些包和衣服，当作一种身份和社会地位的象征，这是一个女孩儿在一档电视交友，节目中的话，她说她宁愿坐在宝马车里哭，也不愿坐在自行车后笑，但是，我们当然还是有年轻人，仍然会选择微笑，不管是坐宝马还是自行车。

14:48

所以在下张图片中，你会看到一个非常普遍的现象，叫做“裸婚”，不是说他们裸体去结婚，指的是这些年轻夫妇准备好，在没有房子，没有汽车，没有钻戒，没有结婚典礼的情况下结婚，表明他们对于真爱的信奉，同时，人们在通过社交媒体做着好事，第一张照片向我们展示了，一辆满载着500只将要成为食材的流浪狗，的卡车，被发现并被拦截在高速路上，整个国家都在通过微博，进行着关注，人们捐钱，狗粮，自愿去拦截这辆车，经过数小时的交涉，500只狗被解救，同时人们还在帮助寻找丢失的孩子，一位父亲把丢失孩子的照片放在网上，消息被转发数千次之后，孩子被找到了，我们也通过微博见证了这个家庭，得以重聚。

15:54

幸福是最近两年里，我们听到的最多的词汇，幸福不仅仅与，个人的经历和价值有关，同样与大环境有关，人们在思考着以下问题，我们是否要通过牺牲环境的方式，来换取更高的GDP？我们如何完成社会和政治改革，从而跟上经济增长的步伐，保持可持续性和稳定性？同样，自我更正的系统，有多大的能力，来保证人们在，各种摩擦同时发生的时候得到满意的结果？我觉得人民会给出这些问题以答案，同时我们的年轻一代，将会改变这个国家，同样，在这个过程中改变着他们自己。

16:47

非常感谢。

The End

英文讲稿

00:00

The night before I was heading for Scotland, I was invited to host the final of "China's Got Talent" show in Shanghaiwith the 80,000 live audience in the stadium. Guess who was the performing guest? Susan Boyle. And I told her, "I'm going to Scotland the next day." She sang beautifully, and she even managed to say a few words in Chinese: 送你葱 So it's not like "hello" or "thank you," that ordinary stuff. It means "green onion for free." Why did she say that? Because it was a line from our Chinese parallel Susan Boyle -- a 50-some year-old woman, a vegetable vendor in Shanghai, who loves singing Western opera, but she didn't understand any English or French or Italian, so she managed to fill in the lyrics with vegetable names in Chinese. (Laughter) And the last sentence of Nessun Dorma that she was singing in the stadium was "green onion for free." So [as] Susan Boyle was saying that, 80,000 live audience sang together. That was hilarious.

01:21

So I guess both Susan Boyle and this vegetable vendor in Shanghai belonged to otherness. They were the least expected to be successful in the business called entertainment, yet their courage and talent brought them through. And a show and a platform gave them the stage to realize their dreams. Well, being different is not that difficult. We are all different from different perspectives. But I think being different is good, because you present a different point of view.You may have the chance to make a difference.

02:01

My generation has been very fortunate to witness and participate in the historic transformation of China that has made so many changes in the past 20, 30 years. I remember that in the year of 1990, when I was graduating from college, I was applying for a job in the sales department of the first five-star hotel in Beijing, Great Wall Sheraton -- it's still there.So after being interrogated by this Japanese manager for a half an hour, he finally said, "So, Miss Yang, do you have any questions to ask me?" I summoned my courage and poise and said, "Yes, but could you let me know, what actually do you sell?" I didn't have a clue what a sales department was about in a five-star hotel. That was the first day I set my footin a five-star hotel.

02:54

Around the same time, I was going through an audition -- the first ever open audition by national television in China --with another thousand college girls. The producer told us they were looking for some sweet, innocent and beautiful fresh face. So when it was my turn, I stood up and said, "Why [do] women's personalities on television always have to be beautiful, sweet, innocent and, you know, supportive? Why can't they have their own ideas and their own voice?" I thought I kind of offended them. But actually, they were impressed by my words. And so I was in the second round of competition, and then the third and the fourth. After seven rounds of competition, I was the last one to survive it. So I was on a national television prime-time show. And believe it or not, that was the first show on Chinese television that allowed its hosts to speak out of their own minds without reading an approved script. (Applause) And my weekly audience at that time was between 200 to 300 million people.

04:11

Well after a few years, I decided to go to the U.S. and Columbia University to pursue my postgraduate studies, and then started my own media company, which was unthought of during the years that I started my career. So we do a lot of things. I've interviewed more than a thousand people in the past. And sometimes I have young people approaching mesay, "Lan, you changed my life," and I feel proud of that. But then we are also so fortunate to witness the transformation of the whole country. I was in Beijing's bidding for the Olympic Games. I was representing the Shanghai Expo. I saw China embracing the world and vice versa. But then sometimes I'm thinking, what are today's young generation up to?How are they different, and what are the differences they are going to make to shape the future of China, or at large, the world?

05:08

So today I want to talk about young people through the platform of social media. First of all, who are they? [What] do they look like? Well this is a girl called Guo Meimei -- 20 years old, beautiful. She showed off her expensive bags,clothes and car on her microblog, which is the Chinese version of Twitter. And she claimed to be the general manager of Red Cross at the Chamber of Commerce. She didn't realize that she stepped on a sensitive nerve and aroused national questioning, almost a turmoil, against the credibility of Red Cross. The controversy was so heated that the Red Cross had to open a press conference to clarify it, and the investigation is going on.

05:56

So far, as of today, we know that she herself made up that title -- probably because she feels proud to be associated with charity. All those expensive items were given to her as gifts by her boyfriend, who used to be a board member in a subdivision of Red Cross at Chamber of Commerce. It's very complicated to explain. But anyway, the public still doesn't buy it. It is still boiling. It shows us a general mistrust of government or government-backed institutions, which lacked transparency in the past. And also it showed us the power and the impact of social media as microblog.

06:40

Microblog boomed in the year of 2010, with visitors doubled and time spent on it tripled. Sina.com, a major news portal,alone has more than 140 million microbloggers. On Tencent, 200 million. The most popular blogger -- it's not me -- it's a movie star, and she has more than 9.5 million followers, or fans. About 80 percent of those microbloggers are young people, under 30 years old. And because, as you know, the traditional media is still heavily controlled by the government, social media offers an opening to let the steam out a little bit. But because you don't have many other openings, the heat coming out of this opening is sometimes very strong, active and even violent.

07:32

So through microblogging, we are able to understand Chinese youth even better. So how are they different? First of all, most of them were born in the 80s and 90s, under the one-child policy. And because of selected abortion by families who favored boys to girls, now we have ended up with 30 million more young men than women. That could pose a potential danger to the society, but who knows; we're in a globalized world, so they can look for girlfriends from other countries. Most of them have fairly good education. The illiteracy rate in China among this generation is under one percent. In cities, 80 percent of kids go to college. But they are facing an aging China with a population above 65 years old coming up with seven-point-some percent this year, and about to be 15 percent by the year of 2030. And you know we have the tradition that younger generations support the elders financially, and taking care of them when they're sick.So it means young couples will have to support four parents who have a life expectancy of 73 years old.

08:48

So making a living is not that easy for young people. College graduates are not in short supply. In urban areas, college graduates find the starting salary is about 400 U.S. dollars a month, while the average rent is above $500. So what do they do? They have to share space -- squeezed in very limited space to save money -- and they call themselves "tribe of ants." And for those who are ready to get married and buy their apartment, they figured out they have to work for 30 to 40 years to afford their first apartment. That ratio in America would only cost a couple five years to earn, but in China it's 30 to 40 years with the skyrocketing real estate price.

09:36

Among the 200 million migrant workers, 60 percent of them are young people. They find themselves sort of sandwichedbetween the urban areas and the rural areas. Most of them don't want to go back to the countryside, but they don't have the sense of belonging. They work for longer hours with less income, less social welfare. And they're more vulnerable to job losses, subject to inflation, tightening loans from banks, appreciation of the renminbi, or decline of demand from Europe or America for the products they produce. Last year, though, an appalling incident in a southern OEM manufacturing compound in China: 13 young workers in their late teens and early 20s committed suicide, just one by one like causing a contagious disease. But they died because of all different personal reasons. But this whole incidentaroused a huge outcry from society about the isolation, both physical and mental, of these migrant workers.

10:44

For those who do return back to the countryside, they find themselves very welcome locally, because with the knowledge, skills and networks they have learned in the cities, with the assistance of the Internet, they're able to create more jobs, upgrade local agriculture and create new business in the less developed market. So for the past few years, the coastal areas, they found themselves in a shortage of labor.

11:08

These diagrams show a more general social background. The first one is the Engels coefficient, which explains that the cost of daily necessities has dropped its percentage all through the past decade, in terms of family income, to about 37-some percent. But then in the last two years, it goes up again to 39 percent, indicating a rising living cost. The Gini coefficient has already passed the dangerous line of 0.4. Now it's 0.5 -- even worse than that in America -- showing us the income inequality. And so you see this whole society getting frustrated about losing some of its mobility. And also, the bitterness and even resentment towards the rich and the powerful is quite widespread. So any accusations of corruption or backdoor dealings between authorities or business would arouse a social outcry or even unrest.

12:11

So through some of the hottest topics on microblogging, we can see what young people care most about. Social justice and government accountability runs the first in what they demand. For the past decade or so, a massive urbanization and development have let us witness a lot of reports on the forced demolition of private property. And it has aroused huge anger and frustration among our young generation. Sometimes people get killed, and sometimes people set themselves on fire to protest. So when these incidents are reported more and more frequently on the Internet, people cry for the government to take actions to stop this.

12:54

So the good news is that earlier this year, the state council passed a new regulation on house requisition and demolitionand passed the right to order forced demolition from local governments to the court. Similarly, many other issues concerning public safety is a hot topic on the Internet. We heard about polluted air, polluted water, poisoned food. And guess what, we have faked beef. They have sorts of ingredients that you brush on a piece of chicken or fish, and it turns it to look like beef. And then lately, people are very concerned about cooking oil, because thousands of people have been found [refining] cooking oil from restaurant slop. So all these things have aroused a huge outcry from the Internet.And fortunately, we have seen the government responding more timely and also more frequently to the public concerns.

13:58

While young people seem to be very sure about their participation in public policy-making, but sometimes they're a little bit lost in terms of what they want for their personal life. China is soon to pass the U.S. as the number one marketfor luxury brands -- that's not including the Chinese expenditures in Europe and elsewhere. But you know what, half of those consumers are earning a salary below 2,000 U.S. dollars. They're not rich at all. They're taking those bags and clothes as a sense of identity and social status. And this is a girl explicitly saying on a TV dating show that she would rather cry in a BMW than smile on a bicycle. But of course, we do have young people who would still prefer to smile,whether in a BMW or [on] a bicycle.

14:48

So in the next picture, you see a very popular phenomenon called "naked" wedding, or "naked" marriage. It does not mean they will wear nothing in the wedding, but it shows that these young couples are ready to get married without a house, without a car, without a diamond ring and without a wedding banquet, to show their commitment to true love.And also, people are doing good through social media. And the first picture showed us that a truck caging 500 homeless and kidnapped dogs for food processing was spotted and stopped on the highway with the whole country watching through microblogging. People were donating money, dog food and offering volunteer work to stop that truck.And after hours of negotiation, 500 dogs were rescued. And here also people are helping to find missing children. A father posted his son's picture onto the Internet. After thousands of resends in relay, the child was found, and we witnessed the reunion of the family through microblogging.

15:54

So happiness is the most popular word we have heard through the past two years. Happiness is not only related to personal experiences and personal values, but also, it's about the environment. People are thinking about the following questions: Are we going to sacrifice our environment further to produce higher GDP? How are we going to perform our social and political reform to keep pace with economic growth, to keep sustainability and stability? And also, how capable is the system of self-correctness to keep more people content with all sorts of friction going on at the same time? I guess these are the questions people are going to answer. And our younger generation are going to transform this country while at the same time being transformed themselves.

16:47

Thank you very much.

The End