第21回:访旺阿雷宿派希亚,淮唐伊条约几维鸟(下)

第21回:访旺阿雷宿派希亚,淮唐伊条约几维鸟(下)

仙劍波斯臥龍崗I皇氏古建築大全 日韩女星 2018-01-24 08:44:35 191

【仙劍波斯臥龍崗】【皇氏古建築大全】


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第21回:访旺阿雷宿派希亚,淮唐伊条约几维鸟(下)



 
©原创图片(本文图片版权归Jumbo Huang所有,任何形式转载请联系作者:[email protected]/微信Jumboheritagelist)本章节文字内容部分来自公开网络或公有领域,仅供个人学习研究和欣赏而使用,没有商业用途。
 


1642年的时候,荷兰航海家阿贝尔扬松塔斯曼没有上岸,也没有意愿要把新西兰变成荷兰的殖民地。在1769年英国船长詹姆斯库克“发现”这块地的时候,毛利人已经居住将近一千年了。按照他们英国的原住民头衔的教条,一个国家的本地人有权力可以运用拥有权。从1800年后,许多澳洲,欧洲的捕鲸鱼,捕海狗的人,商人,传教士等人开始定期地来到新西兰海岸,利用这土地的资源。
 

到了1838年就已经有两千位欧洲人居住在新西兰了。这时候犯罪跟卖淫的比率也渐渐地增加,对早期的白人和毛利人都有很大威胁。同时法国和美国因为经济贸易上的原因,也开始对新西兰有兴趣了。特别是法国想与英国争夺霸权,把新西兰变为其殖民地。考虑到有法国的威胁,



1832到1839年间英国的新南威尔士殖民政府委派詹姆斯巴斯比为驻扎官,去新西兰保护英国在那里的经济利益。虽然他的权力有限,巴斯比的成绩是把许多新西兰北岛的毛利族联合在一起然后成立了“新西兰联邦的联合部落族长”,这时因为毛利人怕法国的侵略,巴斯比就替他们写了一个请愿,要求受英国女王的王室保护。
 


英国必需要在新西兰实施主权这件事才得以实现。在1839年时,英国殖民地办公室委命威廉霍布森船长担任女王陛下的新西兰领事。霍布森被命令指示去“处理新西兰的原住民让他们让出全部或部分岛群的权利”。所以在1840年1月的时候,霍布森就搭船从悉尼到新西兰,他就请巴斯比写出一个协定的草稿,



而且也请他作他们的谈判。巴斯比详尽地创立了这个条约的英文版。但很显明的是霍布森和他的随行员都缺乏先前的条约谈判经验。经过很小的修改后,霍布森在二月四号就把条约抄本交给一位传教士,亨利威廉牧师去翻译成毛利语的版本。
 

这个翻译工作非常困难,因为有很多英文字都没有相等的毛利意思。条约拟定出来并经翻译之后,又经过了一整天的辩论,才于1840年2月6日在岛屿湾的淮唐伊镇正式签订。当日,北岛的45位酋长签署了这份条约。在随后的八个月之内,新西兰南北两岛先后有512位酋长在该条约上签字,其中39名酋长签署了英文版。签署条约的地方和建筑物至今仍保存完好。“淮唐伊历史保护区” 现已经成为一个旅游胜地,那里有一座大型的毛利会堂、一座殖民时期的教堂、一根有历史纪念意义的旗杆和一艘长长的毛利战船。
 

条约的前言是:大不列颠及爱尔兰王国女王维多利亚陛下天恩浩荡,十分愿意维护新西兰众酋长及土著部落之合法权利与财产,同时考虑到现已有大批女王陛下的子民从欧洲及澳大利亚前来定居,且其人数不断加增,必须切实保护其安宁与和谐之生活,故任命一位管事官员,并授予其权柄,以使其代为狩牧,



令新西兰各部落承认女王陛下在新西兰部分地区或全部领土的主权。鉴此,女王陛下希望在新西兰建立一个稳定的文官政府,制定必要的律法,预防可能出现的可怕后果。因此,女王陛下的子民们很满意地派遣我,威廉霍布森,女王陛下皇家海军的一名舰长以及女王陛下所辖新西兰土地之助理总督,来邀请各位部落联盟中酋长与独立酋长一同到会,签署下款条款和协议。
 

大英帝国与其殖民地当年签署的大多数条约和协议多已被人们遗忘。但《淮唐伊条约》至今仍在新西兰法律和社会中起着举足轻重的作用。许多人都认为它是新西兰的建国文献。尽管如此,自签署之日起,对该条约的解释却一直存在着许多问题。该条约的英文版本和毛利文版本都包括三个条款。但由于该条约的制订人员和翻译人员缺乏法律经验,因此,条约的毛利文版本和英文版本在解释上存在着重大出入。


 
第一条论述的是统治权。英文版本说毛利人同意交出自己的主权或统治权,交给英国王室。虽然英文版本中注明将权力完全移交给英国王室,但毛利文版本中却暗示毛利人与王室分享权力。第二条涉及的是酋长地位问题。毛利文版中许诺给毛利人更多的权力,允许他们拥有现有的宝藏。英文版本是说允许毛利人掌控自己的土地、森林、渔场和其他物产。第三条许诺毛利人享有大英帝国臣民相同的权利,同时,其传统和风俗权利也应得到保护。
 

虽然《淮唐伊条约》被认为是新西兰的“建国文献”,但其赋予毛利人的许多权利都被忽略。尽管受到该条约的保护,毛利人却在19世纪和20世纪失去了大量的土地。这些土地是如何失去的?这是人们常常质疑的问题,也是引起毛利人不断抗议的原因。新西兰政府于1975年成立了淮唐伊调解庭以向世人昭示应该尊重该条约的效力。自那时起,淮唐伊调解庭已经受理了许多毛利部落向政府提出的权利诉求案件。在许多案例中,政府通常都被判决以金钱或土地的形式向毛利人做出赔偿。
 

在最近10年中,新西兰政府与毛利部落,其中包括怀卡托的泰努伊部落和南岛的纳塔胡部落都达成了重大和解。相当一部分赔偿金用在了毛利人的教育和健康服务。现在《淮唐伊条约》又称《威坦哲条约》,是1840年时英国王室与毛利人之间签署的一项协议。条约的签订,促使新西兰建立了英国法律体系。同时,也确认了毛利人对土地和文化的拥有权。该条约目前仍为现行文件。
 

主要内容为:毛利人各酋长让出其领土主权,凡岛上出生者,均受英国法律管辖。保证新西兰各部落酋长的土地、森林、渔场及其他财产不受侵犯;如出售土地,应优先出售给英国女王。



许诺毛利人可得到英国女王的保护,并可享有“英国国民所享有的一切权利和特权”。1840年5月21日,霍布森宣布新西兰成为英国的领地,并定奥克兰为首府。条约签署时对双方具有约束力,但在大量移民对土地需求的压力下以及英国当局坚持其权威,致使条约的影响力减弱。
 

一些毛利人部落拒绝出售土地,或者在他们的部落土地上拒绝接受英国法律,因此触发了1860年间的新西兰战争,造成大量土地充公及其它不公正的事件。至1890年间,只有不到六分之一的新西兰土地仍掌握在毛利人手中,四分之一的土地以非常不利于毛利所有者的条件租借给了欧洲人。研究完条约之后,我就钻进帐篷里睡觉了。夜凉如水,营地晚上倒是非常安静,周围的游客也自觉地睡觉了。
 

Jumbo Huang Index: Today we hired a Honda vehicle and left the hostel for holiday, the team included four people, the driver was Milan Cora whom came from US, Kadishe from Morroco, Iris and I from China, we drove by Harvey Norman Otaika and stopped at Whangarei, I recommened Milan to Tutukaka, Patama or Sandy Bay but rejected by her. So we met an agrrement to take a rest at Whangarei firstly, so that she could withdraw some cash from ATM, we drove to the Paknsave supermarket and stopped the car, then four of us walked along the street, passed The piggery second hand bookshop, and we found the first ATM which only support my bank card, 


 
not Miran’s, she had to look for other ATM, so we separated. Iris and I ate some Sushi at Japanese restaurant, later we met again at the supermarket. Whangarei is the northernmost city in New Zealand and the regional capital of Northland Region. It is part of the Whangarei District, a local body created in 1989 to administer both the city proper and its hinterland from the former Whangarei City, Whangarei County and Hikurangi Town councils. The city population was estimated to be 56,400 in June 2016, The Whangarei urban area is spread throughout the valleys of the surrounding area and has several suburbs: Kamo, Springs Flat, Tikipunga, Three Mile Bush, Otangarei, 
 

Mairtown, Regent, Kensington, and Whau Valley lie to the north of the city. South and west of the city centre are Morningside, Raumanga, Maunu, Horahora, Woodhill, and the Avenues, and to the east are Riverside, Sherwood Rise, Onerahi, and Parihaka. Waitangi is a locality in the Bay of Islands on the North Island of New Zealand. It is close to the town of Paihia, 60 kilometres north of Whangarei. The name means weeping waters in Maori. Waitangi is best known for being the location where the Treaty of Waitangi was first signed on February 6, 1840. It is also the place where the Declaration of Independence of New Zealand was signed five years prior, on October 28, 1835. This document was ratified by the British Crown the following year (1836). 
 

The Treaty of Waitangi proper began on February 5, 1840 when a public meeting was held on the grounds in front of James Busby's residence. Lieutenant Governor Hobson read a proposed document to the 300 or so European and Maori who were in attendance and then provided the Maori chiefs an opportunity to speak. Initially, a large number of chiefs spoke against accepting the Crown's proposition to rule over Aotearoa. 
 
Later in the proceedings a few chiefs began to entertain the idea; amongst the more notable chiefs to support the Crown were Te Wharerahi, Pumuka, and the two Hokianga chiefs, Tamati Waka Nene and his brother Eruera Maihi Patuone. The proceedings were ended and were to recommence on February 7; however, a number of chiefs pressed to sign earlier. The Treaty of Waitangi was initially signed on February 6, 1840 in a marquee erected in the grounds of James Busby's house at Waitangi by representatives of the British Crown, the chiefs of the Confederation of the United Tribes of New Zealand, and other Maori tribal leaders, 
 
and subsequently by other Maori chiefs at other places in New Zealand. Not all of the chiefs chose to sign this document, with a number of chiefs either delaying or refusing to put pen to paper. We drove to our hostel, and camped at Paihia falls motel & waterfront campground which close to Haruru falls. After settled down, we began to hike along the Haruru falls road, but unfornately we did not see any Kiwis. Paihia is the main tourist town in the Bay of Islands in the far north of the North Island of New Zealand. It is located close to the historic towns of Russell and Kerikeri, 60 kilometres north of Whangarei. Missionary Henry Williams named the mission station Marsden's Vale and eventually the Paihia became the accepted name of the settlement. Nearby to the north is the historic settlement of Waitangi, and the residential and commercial area of Haruru Falls is to the west. The port and township of Opua, and the small settlement of Te Haumi, lie to the south.


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