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原文|Randy Dotinga WebMD News from HealthDay
乱译|中外物語
配图|网络
今日主角| 会传染的哈欠 contagious yawns
前文链接| 秋高气爽乌龙香
New Clues to Why Yawns Are Contagious
研究新发现,哈欠会传染。
Primitive brain reflexes may be at play.
听起来很神秘的事儿,其实可能只是“原脑”反射——敢情大脑也是个没有进化好的玩意儿,看到别个打哈欠也会犯“红眼病”;别人打哈欠,你也跟着打,没什么不好意思,估计看到你打哈欠的另一人也正准备捂嘴呢,要是来不及,那也会跟着哈欠连篇,因为我们的大脑反射都带有根深蒂固的“红眼病”。
THURSDAY, Aug. 31, 2017 (HealthDay News) -- The "contagiousness" of yawns may be rooted in primitive brain reflexes, British researchers report. The findings were published Aug. 31 in the journal Current Biology.
这原本是一则2017年8月31日的新闻消息。英国研究人员称,哈欠的“传染性”(准确地说,这个词是“触传染”的意思,那么看到别人打哈欠,自己也哈欠连篇,全是因为你的目光接触到了打哈欠那人,然后这一信息传给大脑,大脑犯了“红眼病”——假装成大脑反射,再有样学样地让你也打哈欠——别人看到你打哈欠,估计也会跟着哈欠连连,所以就叫“触传染”,怎么听着有点像“非礼勿视”!)或许是一种根深蒂固的“原脑反射”(注:“原脑反射”这一译法不甚妥当,按字面意思是原始的大脑反射,简称“原脑反射”)。这一研究成果于8月31日发表在《当代生物学》杂志上,感兴趣的朋友可自行搜索一番。
Echophenomena is the term for contagious movements such as yawns. Humans tend to yawn when they see others yawn, and so do chimpanzees and dogs.
诸如打哈欠等可传染性行为,有个专业名词叫“模仿症”(echophenomena,这个单词拼写成echo-phenomena就更容易理解一些,echo有“重复、回响”的意思,而phenomena是phenomenon的复数形式,意思是“现象”,既然是复数,当然就是多种现象;由此看出,“模仿症”具有多样性,哈欠模范症只是其中之一个表现形式)。一个哈欠传染俩,可不单单是人类的“专利”,黑猩猩和汪星人也是这个鬼样子。
▲ 一个哈欠,满口金牙。网图 ©
Researchers at the University of Nottingham wondered where the roots of this type of echophenomena are located. They examined 36 adults as they looked at video clips of people yawning. The participants were told to either try to stop themselves from yawning or just let it happen. The researchers found that it's hard to resist yawning when you see someone yawn, and the urge to yawn gets stronger when you're told not to do it. The researchers also found that people differ in their vulnerability to yawns.
英国诺丁汉大学的研究人员很想弄清楚这一“模仿症”的根源,于是就以36位成年人作为观察对象,专门给他们观看打哈欠的视频剪辑。研究人员要求观察对象顺其自然,不要有弄虚作假的嫌疑,只要观看视频就行。但他们发现每当看到别人打哈欠,自己想控制都控制不了,越是想控制住自己,结果反倒越想打哈欠——虽然这也因人而异,但整体上来说,人居然经不起一个哈欠的诱惑!
"We suggest that these findings may be particularly important in understanding further the association between motor excitability and the occurrence of echophenomena in a wide range of clinical conditions... such as epilepsy, dementia, autism and Tourette syndrome," said study leader Stephen Jackson. He's a professor of cognitive neuroscience at Nottingham.
研究领队斯蒂芬·杰克逊是诺丁汉大学认知神经科学专业教授,按他的说法,这一研究发现很有意义,能够广泛应用于多种临床症状,特别对运动兴奋和模仿症的进一步认识有着极其重要的意义,因为这些症状之间有着千丝万缕的联系;多种临床症状比如像癫痫、痴呆、孤独症和妥瑞氏症(一种严重的神经紊乱症,由法国医生妥瑞提出,还有一部有关这一综合症的电影,名字是《叫我第一名》[Front of the Class],大家不妨看看,或许对这一病症会有更深的了解),等等。
▲ 嗨,快叫我大嘴美妞。网图 ©
The researchers also tried to manipulate contagious yawning through a kind of electrical stimulation. "This research has shown that the 'urge' is increased by trying to stop yourself. Using electrical stimulation, we were able to increase excitability and in doing so increase the propensity for contagious yawning," said Georgina Jackson, a professor of cognitive neuropsychology. "In Tourette's, if we could reduce the excitability we might reduce the tics, and that's what we are working on," she said in a Nottingham news release. The work with electrical stimulation suggests that the brain's primary motor cortex plays a role in contagious yawning, the researchers said.
研究人员还用电刺激方式对哈欠的传染性做了控制性研究。另一位认知神经科学教授乔治娜·杰克逊解释说,电刺激研究结果表明,企图控制哈欠的可传染性是徒劳的,相反,你看到别人打哈欠,自己越是不想被传染,打哈欠的“欲望”反倒愈发强烈。电刺激可增强兴奋程度,当然也就能增强哈欠传染性的倾向度。这一研究完全可以用于临床试验,比如说妥瑞氏症,若能降低兴奋度,就意味着能减缓病人抽搐的次数和频率;当然,这一研究虽然取得进步,但仍得继续。电刺激研究组的专业人士说,影响哈欠传染性的重要组织是大脑最主要的运动皮质层(所谓“运动皮质层”指的是一个脑皮质层区域,这个区域对于自发行为的预发、控制和执行起着决定性作用)。
▲当了个当,瞌睡来了想骂娘。网图 ©
结语:本来是一则极短的消息,编译过程中加入了必要又不太必要的废话,结果一不小心弄成了“中篇”,对不住大家!但在医学领域,普通读者基本上都是小白,因此有些注释显得尤为必要。小编本人也是个医学小白,但对这些内容非常感兴趣,因为我觉得这些内容不但有趣,而且还能增长见识,好歹也算是积攒吹牛的资本。只是乱译这些专业性很强的东西,难免漏洞百出,以致贻笑大方,在此特别致歉。我相信,假以时日,通过学习和乱译,这一领域的东西自然会变得专业起来,别忘了给我打气助威。
不当之处,敬请指正;不到之处,敬请补充。
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