被动语态讲解

 一、总述：

英语动词有两种语态，即主动语态（The Active Voice)和被动语态（The Passive Voice).主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。

They will build a new bridge over the river. (主动)

A new bridge will be built over the river. (被动)

汉语中常用“被”、“给”、“由”、“受”等词用来表示被动，而英语用：

助动词be + 及物动词的过去分词构成。

二、被动语态的形式

1) 常用时态的被动语态的构成：

    被动语态的基本形式为助动词be  + 及物动词的过去分词，即be done。

被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化主要体现在be的变化上，其形式与系动词be的变化形式完全一样。以give 为例，列表如下：

     一般现在时：am / is / are + given   

     一般过去时：was / were +given  

     一般将来时：shall / will +be+ given  

     过去进行时：was / were + being + given

现在进行时：am / is / are + being + given

     过去完成时：had + been + given

现在完成时：have / has + been + given

     将来完成时：shall /  will + have been + given

     过去将来时：    should / would +be+ given

     现在完成进行时：have/has been being done

     含情态动词的被动语态：情态动词＋be done

 ［注］被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来进行时。

2）被动语态的否定式:在第一个助动词后加not构成。

Russian is not taught in our school. 我们学校不教俄语。

3）被动语态的疑问式：把第一个助动词提到主语之前,句尾加问号构成。

Were many trees planted on the hill yesterday 昨天山上种了许多树吗？ 
      How much money was stolen in all 一共被偷了多少钱？ 

四、主动语态与被动语态的转换

1．主语+谓语+宾语

练习：将下列各句改为被动语态。

1. He plants trees in spring.

2. Tom will clean the room tomorrow.

3. They make shoes in that factory.

4. They bought ten computers last term． 

5. Amy can take good care of Gina ．

6. We are painting the rooms.

7. The workers told me they would mend the car as soon as possible.

8. They will send cars abroad by sea.

9. Someone has told me the sports meeting might be put off. 

10. When I got to the theatre, I found they had already sold out the tickets.

主动语态变被动语态口诀：

宾语提前主语变，

原主变宾by后见，

时态人称be关键。

注意：把主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。

  We have bought a new computer.  

  A new computer ______ been bought.  

2. 主语+谓语+间接宾语（sb.）+直接宾语（sth.）

  My uncle gave me a present on my birthday.  

  I was given a present on my birthday.  

  A present was given to me yesterday.

注意：一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词 to，如：

  bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, take, teach, tell等。 

   一般在下列动词后，间接宾语前用介词 for, 如：build, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get, keep, make, order, paint, play, sing 等。

练习1：将下列句子变为被动语态。

1） The foreign friends gave us some wonderful stamps.

2） My uncle gave me a present on my birthday.  

练习2：在横线上填for 或者to.

1） Mother made me a new skirt.  (A new skirt was made _____ me.  )

2)  The meat was cooked ______us.  

3)  My bike was lent ____ her.

4)  Some country music was played _____ us.

5)  The cup with mixture was showed ______ the class.  

注意：有些既不用to 也不用for, 根据动词与介词的搭配关系。 

  He asked me a question.  (A question was asked of me.  )

  People all over the world know the Great Wall.  

  The Great Wall is known to people all over the world. (不用by短语)

3. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语

带复合宾语(宾语+ 宾补)的动词改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。如：

    We always keep the classroom clean.  

    →The classroom is always kept clean.  

    She told us to follow her instructions.  

    →We were told to follow her instructions.  

注意：在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带 to，但改成被动语态后都带to，这时不定式为主语补足语，也就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在省略to 的问题。

    We often hear him play the guitar.

    →He is often heard to play the guitar.  

注意：带有复合宾语的句子，如果宾语补足语是名词，变被动句时，应将宾语变为主语，不要误把宾语补足语的名词作主语。如：

    Tomatoes were first taken back to Europe and people called them love apples.

    误：Love apples were called them.  

正：They were called love apples.

五、下列情况主动句不能改为被动句：

第一，感官系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义，如：feel，look, seem, taste, sound, remain等。

  — Do you like the material?   — Yes, it feels very soft.  

  误：It is felt very soft.  

  The food tastes delicious.  

  误：The food is tasted delicious.  

  The pop music sounds beautiful.  

  误：The pop music is sounded beautiful.  

第二，谓语是及物动词leave, enter, reach, suit, have, benefit, lack, own等。如：

  He entered the room and got his book.

  误：The room was entered and his book was got.  

  She had her hand burned.  

  误：Her hand was had burned.  

第三，不及物动词没有被动语态，如：rise, happen, succeed, remain, lie等。

  When we got to the top of the mountain, the sun had already risen.  

  误：The sun had already been risen.  

  After the earthquake, few houses remained.  

  误：After the earthquake, few houses were remained.  

第四，一些不及物动词短语没有被动语态，如：take place, break out, belong to, lose heart, consist of, add up to等。如：

  The fire broke out in the capital building.  

  误：The fire was broke out in the capital building.

第五，宾语是反身代词，相互代词，同源宾语，不定式，v-ing形式及抽象名词等，不能变为被动句子的主语，如：

  I taught myself English.  

  误：Myself was taught English.  

  We love each other.  

  误：Each other is loved.

第六、有些动词既是及物又是不及物，当它们和well, badly, easily等副词连用时，表示主语内在品质或性能，是不及物动词，用主动表示被动，这时不用被动语态，常见的有：write, read, clean, sell, wash, cook 等。如：

  The cloth washes easily.  这布很好洗。

  The new product sells well.  这新产品很畅销。

  The pen writes smoothly.  这支笔写字很流畅。

对比：

  The books sell well. (主动句)

  The books were sold out. (被动句)

  The meat didn’t cook well. (主动句)

 The meat was cooked for a long time over low heat. (被动句)

六、特殊句式

在汉语中，有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构来表示，例如： 

    据说……It is said that …  

    据报导……It is reported that …

    据推测……It is supposed that …

    希望……It is hoped that …

    众所周知……It is well known that …

    普遍认为……It is generally considered that …

    有人建议……It is suggested that …

  1) It is reported that it is going to rain tomorrow.  

2) It is well known that Thomas Edison invented the electric lamp.

练习题
1)It is said that a new robot ____by him in a few days.
A) designed           B) has been designed
C) will be designed     D) will have been designed
2)We are late. I expect the film ____by the time we get to the cinema.
A) will already have started  B) would already have started
C) shall have already started  D) has already been started
3) She will stop showing off if no notice____ of her.
A) is taken  B) takes  C) will be taken  D) has taken
4) Diamond ____in Brazil in 1971.
A) is found  B) has been found  C) was found   D) had been found
5)“Have you moved into the new flat?” “Not yet. The room ____.”
A) has been painted  B) is painted  C) paints  D) is being painted
6) My pictures ____until next Friday.
A) won't develop        B) aren't developed 

C) don't develop         D) won' t be developed
7) Tim ____since he lost his job three weeks ago.
A) had been unemployed   B) was unemployed
C) has been unemployed    D) has unemployed
8) A great number of colleges and universities ____since 1949.
A) has been establish      B) have been established
C) have established        D) had been established
9) I'll have to push the car to the side of the road because we ____if we leave it here.
A) would be fined    B) will be fined  C) will being fined  D) will have been fined
10)“____two tickets for the new play at the Grand Theatre on Saturday. Shall we go and see it together?”
A) They have been given    B) I have been given C) I am given D) They have given to me
11) The subject of these lectures ____by the lecture committee.
A) is announced  B) have been announced  C) are announced  D) has been announced
12) I found an aspirin bottle ____dropped on the floor of David's room.
A) was     B) had    C) had been    D) is

13) The goods ____when we arrived at the airport.
A) were just unloading      B) were just been unloading
C) had just unloaded        D) were just being unloaded
14) If one ____by pride, he will reject useful advice and friendly assistance.
A) overcomes    B) is overcome    C) has been overcome    D) overcome
15) Most environment problems exist because adequate measures for preventing them ____taken in the past.
A) was not   B) were not    C) were not being    D) had not been
16) You ought to have put the milk in the refrigerator, now ____sour.
A) I smell   B) it is smelt   C) it smells    D) it is smelling

17) After the race____, the celebration began.
A) had been won    B) is won    C) will be won   D)has been won
18) He was here for a little while, but I don't know where she ____now.
A) is   B) was   C) had been   D) has been
18) The young teacher has ____ competent.
A) been proved to be  B) proved to be  C) been proved  D) proved being
19) Pluto, the outermost planet of the solar system, ____photographically in March 1930.
A) discovered  B) was discovered  C) by discovery  D) when discovered
20) To get a better view of the stage, ____.
A)our seats had to be changed  B) our seats were changed
C) we had to change our seats   D) our seats were changed by us
22) After synthetic____, engineers had a better choice of material.
A) created  B) has created  C) has been created  D) had been created
23) I think much attention ____your pronunciation.
A) must be paid to   B) ought to be paid to
C) must pay to      D) should be paid to
24) Since 1970, millions of enthusiasts ____Vitamin C, which they believe can remedy the common cold.
A) have taken   B) have been taken  C) have been taking  D) have been taking
25) I don't remember ____the chance to try this method.
A) having been given  B) to have been given
C)having given       D) to have given
26) We could ask someone to do the work privately without it____.
A) know  B) be known   C) being known   D) to be known
27) The construction of the laboratory ____by the end of next month.
A) must be completed         B) must have been completed
C) will be completing         D) will have been completing
28) They would tell how the African ____on a ship to an American port.
A) was brought                B) could have been brought
C) had been brought            D) was to be brought
29) He does not possess a bicycle, this one he uses ____to Peter.
A) is belonged to  B) belonged  C) belongs  D) is belonging
30) Negotiation ____again with Moscow tomorrow, a great event will be discussed then.
A) is to be opened  B) is on the point of opening  C) is going to open  D) opens
31) The reason for all the changes being made ____to us yet.
A) has not explained  B) has not been explained
C) did not explained  D) were not explained
32) Experiments in the photography of moving objects ____in both the United States and Europe well before 1900.
A) were conducting       B)were conducted
C) had been conducted     D) had conducted
33) When he turned the corner, he found himself ____by a man in black.
A) tailed   B) been tailed  C) was tailed  D) had been tailed
34) A candidate for the democratic presidential nomination ____at this moment.
A) is interviewing  B) being interviewed  C) is being interviewed D) interviewing
35) As we approached the work site, the workers were seen ____the new house.
A) building  B) build  C) built  D) to build
36) As we know, all the regulations in school ____.
A) must keep to  B) must be kept  C) must keep  D) must be kept up
37) The composition ____any more.
A) need not to be corrected  B) doesn't need to be corrected
C) doesn't need be corrected  D) need not correct
38) The bank is reported in the local newspaper ____in broad daylight yesterday
A) to be robbed  B) to have keen robbed  C) robbed  D)having been robbed
39) Hurry up, or the tickets ___out by the time we get there.
A) will have sold  B) will sell  C) have sold  D) will have been sold
40) He cleaned the glasses carefully for fear that it ____.
A) was damaged  B) should be damaged  C) damaged  D) would be damaged

被动语态部分练习题答案：
1)C 2)A 3)A 4)C 5)D 6)D 7)C 8)B 9)B 10)B11)D 12)C 13)D 14)B 15)B 16)C 17)A 18)A 19)B20)B 21)C 22)D 23)A 24)C 25)A 26)C 27)A 28)C29)C 30)A 31)B 32)C 33)A 34)C 35)A 36)B 37)B38)B 39)D 40)B)